Exegesis and Theology

The Blog of Brian Collins

Structure and Summary of Joel

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After the superscription, Joel can be divided into six major sections: 1:2-20; 2:1-11; 2:12-17; 2:18-27; 2:28-32; 3:1-21.[1]

Verse 1 identifies the author of the book as Joel, the Son of Pethuel. Nothing further is known about the author except that he received the word of Yhwh recorded in this book.

Joel 1:2-20 recounts a plague of locusts that have descended upon the Israelites in Judah. Joel begins by calling out to the elderly to confirm that this locust plague was like nothing they or their fathers had ever experienced.  This would be a plague that would be recounted generation after generation due to its severity. The drunkards are told to weep because there is no wine to drink. But more seriously, this judgment prevents them from worshipping God through the grain and drink offerings. Their sin has brought a judgment that deprived them of proper worship. In verse 15 Joel identifies this plague as the day of Yhwh. He says the day of Yhwh is near, which doesn’t mean that the day of Yhwh is something other than the locust plague. Rather, the Day of Yhwh is so near that it is upon them.

The second major section 2:1-11 has occasioned debate. Does it refer to (1) a locust invasion in Joel’s day that prefigures the eschatological day of Yhwh,[2] (2) a now past military invasion described under the figure of locusts,[3] (3) an eschatological locust plague,[4] (4) an eschatological military invasion.[5] It is best to understand this passage to be about locusts; they are described as “like war horses,” “like warriors,” and “like soldiers”—which indicates that they are not themselves horses, warriors, or soldiers.[6] It is unlikely that chapter 2 is a continued description of the locust plague recounted in chapter 1 since the verbs in chapter 1 indicate that Joel was referring to a past event, whereas in chapter 2 the verbs indicate that he is speaking of a future event.[7] In addition, the locusts described in chapter 2 will be unprecedented: “their like has never been before, nor will be again after them through the years of all generations” (2:3). In fact, there are several elements in the passage that indicate these are not normal locusts: they are opposed with weapons, and they are described not as destroying crops but as invading cities.[8]

The third major section (2:12-17) is a call to repentance. No one can endure the judgment of the day of Yhwh (2:11) and therefore repentance is called for. This repentance is not to be merely external (the rending of garments) but internal (the rending of hearts). Repentance from the heart is what the first great commandment demands, and a new heart is what the new covenant promised. The hope that God would receive their repentance is based on God’s declaration to Moses of his character. And yet God’s grace and mercy are not presumed upon: “Who knows” (2:14). Note also that Joel highlights as the foremost blessing of forgiveness the restoration of true worship (the ability to offer grain and drink offerings). Thus, all the people, from the oldest to the youngest (and including those normally exempt from such gatherings, the bride and bridegroom [cf. Dt 24:5]) are to gather to beg for mercy. Their main concern, Joel indicates, is to be God’s glory (2:17).

Evidently the Israelites responded with repentance because the fourth section of the book describes God’s response to their repentance (2:18-27). While some of the promised restoration seems to be directed at restoring the land after the locust plague (e.g., “I will restore to you the years that the swarming locusts has eaten,” 2:25), other promises were not fulfilled in Joel’s day: “And my people shall never again be put to shame.” Israel would still face conquest by Babylon and Rome; Israel would again be put to shame. There is in this section a telescoping of the now past and the still future.[9]

The fifth section of the book (2:28-32) looks forward to the eschatological gift of the Spirit, the ultimate day of Yhwh judgment on the whole earth, and the hope of salvation for those who call upon the name of Yhwh. That a remnant will be saved has already been prophesied by Obadiah.[10] Joel turns to the judgment of the nations in the sixth section (3:1-21) of the book. This section recounts the sins the nations surrounding Judah have committed against God’s people Israel. As a result, God will judge the nations. Some of the judgments described seem to have already happened (3:4-8), while other judgments seem to be eschatological (3:1-3, 9-17, 19, 21). As a counterpoint to this judgment, God promises eschatological blessing to Judah and Jerusalem that is described in terms of a reversal of the locust judgment described in chapters 1 and 2.[11]

[1] The first section is recognized by Garret, Dillard, Stuart, Crenshaw, Tully, and Nass. The second section is recognized by Garrett, Stuart, Crenshaw, Hubbard, Tully, Barker, and Nass (as a subjection of 2:1-17). The third section is recognized by Stuart, Crenshaw, Hubbard, Tully Barker, and Nass (as a subjection of 2:1-17). The fourth section is recognized by Stuart, Crenshaw, Hubbard, Tully, Barker, and Nass. The fifth section is recognized by Garrett, Stuart, Finley, Crenshaw, Hubbard, Tully, Barker, and Nass (as a subsection of 2:28-3:21). The sixth section is recognized by Garrett, Stuart, Finley, Hubbard, Tully, Barker, and Nass (as two subsections of 2:28-3:21).

[2] Bell, The Theological Messages of the Old Testament Books, 384-85; Barker, ZECOT, 75-77; Harman, ESVEC, 268.

[3] Patterson, REBC,.

[4] Grisanti, “The Book of Joel,” in The World and the Word, 425-26; cf. Busenitz, MC, 116.

[5] Tully, Reading the Prophets as Christian Scripture, 269; Busenitz, MC, 113-15.

[6] Grisanti, “The Book of Joel, 425.

[7] Garrett, NAC, 333; Nass, CC, 203. If the locust plague in chapter 2 is considered to be the same as that of chapter 1, it would need to be a second wave of locusts.

[8] Nass, CC, 216. These are two elements from a series of three lists that Nass presents: “Features of the Army that Do Not Fit Perfectly with Locusts,” “Features of the Army that Do Not Fit Perfectly with Human Soldiers,” and “Features of the Army that Do Not fit Perfectly with Locusts or Human Soldiers.” Under the last heading Nass lists, “Fire burns before them”; “The earth and heavens shake before them”; “The sun, moon, and stars go dark before them.” Nass concludes from this data that Joel 2:1-11 refers to a composite of the day of Yhwh throughout history, culminating in the eschatological day of Yhwh. But it is more likely that Joel 2 is describing the same events that Revelation describes as the first, fourth, and fifth trumpet judgments.

[9] Michael P. V. Barrett, “Pentecost and Other Blessings: Joel 2:21–28,” Puritan Reformed Journal 12, no. 2 (2020): 8–9. Since the two preceding sections of judgment refer to a near and an eschatological judgment, it makes sense for the description of restoration to include both near and eschatological restoration.

[10] There is some debate about what it would mean for the sun to be turned to darkness and the moon to blood “before the great and awesome day of Yhwh comes.” These seem to describe the kind of events that would characterize the day of Yhwh. There are two possible solutions. (1) Some note that the preposition translated before can simply mean “in the presence of.” Thus, a temporal meaning is not necessary here and should not be advocated. Busenitz, MC, 190-91; cf. Stuart, WBC, 257. Against this, when לִפְנֵי בּוֹא are used together, a temporal meaning of before is always indicated (1 Sam 9:15; 2 Sam 3:35; Eze 33:22; Mal 4:5). Nass, CC, 448. (2) Others note that the Day of Yhwh is a multifaceted event and that the phrase may be used of a specific part of the overall day, thus allowing for the darkened sun and blood-red moon to be both part of the overall day of Yhwh and yet precede the specific aspect designated Day of Yhwh in these verses. Finley, WEC, 75; Blaising, “A Pretribulation Response,” in Three Views on the Rapture, 246–47; Fanning, Revelation, ZECNT, 270, n. 1. Some would even argue that the fuller phrase “the great and awesome day of Yhwh” is “a technical expression that refers to the last half of the seventieth week [prophesied in Daniel 9].” Alan D. Cole, “A Critique of the Prewrath Interpretation of the Day of the Lord in Joel 2–3,” Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal Volume 9 (2004): 49.

[11] See Tully, Reading the Prophets as Christian Scripture, 272.

The Date of Joel

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Joel, like Obadiah, is not dated. As a result, a variety of dates have been proposed ranging from between the ninth century BC up through the second century BC.[1]

There are a number of good arguments for dating Joel to the late ninth century.

1. Joel is grouped with the earliest prophets. Hosea, Amos, Jonah, and Micah are eighth century prophets. Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah are seventh century prophets. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi are post-exilic prophets.[2] Thus, while the books are not grouped according to strict chronology, they are grouped chronologically, and this favors a pre-exilic date for Joel.

2. The nations that Joel mentions (“Egypt and Edom, Tyre, Sidon, Philistia, Greece and the Sabeans of Arabia”) and the ones he fails to mention (Assyria, Babylon, Persia) favor an early date.[3] Furthermore, Amos mentions several of the same enemies as Joel as well as a locust plague, which may indicate that he was looking back to the same incidents that Joel prophesied about.[4]

3. Leaving aside Obadiah and Joel, the earliest mention of the Day of Lord in the Minor Prophets occurs in Amos (dated to the eighth century). It would be somewhat puzzling for Amos to contain the first revelation on this topic because Amos 5:18 reveals that the Israelites have already twisted the Day of the Lord to apply only to Israel’s enemies and not to themselves. On the other hand, Robert Bell observes, If Obadiah and Joel preached their messages on the day of the Lord in the ninth century, then it is completely understandable that the eighth-century Amos found the term on the lips of carnal Israelites.”[5]

4. Joel quoted Obadiah (which we have already dated to the mid-ninth century) and Amos (dated to the mid-eighth century) quotes Joel. Thus, Joel should be dated between Obadiah and Amos.[6]

4.a. Joel 2:32 quotes Obadiah 17. The key indication that Joel is quoting Obadiah rather than the other way around is the inclusion in Joel of the phrase, “as Yhwh has said.” That phrase is indicating Joel’s reliance on Obadiah’s earlier prophecy.[7]

4.b. Joel 3:16-17 quotes Amos 1:2. Amos is dealing with Israelites who are applying the Day of the Lord only to their enemies, and throughout the book Amos is warning that they too  are liable to God’s Day of the Lord judgment. Amos 1:2 takes Joel’s eschatological roar of Yhwh from Zion against the nations and applies it to contemporary Jerusalem and against Israel.[8]

[1] For a survey of six proposed dates spanning this date range, see Barker, ZECOT, 28-29; cf. Finley, WEC, 2.

[2] O. Palmer Robertson, Prophet of the Coming Day of the Lord, 10; Robertson, Christ of the Prophets, 244; Busenitz, MC, 32; Nass, CC, 25.

[3] Robertson, Prophet, 10-11; cf. Schmoller, Lange’s Commentaries, 3-4; Young, Introduction to the Old Testament, 248; Robertson, Christ of the Prophets, 244-45; Busenitz, MC, 33.

[4] Schmoller, 3-4.

[5] Bell, The Theological Messages of the Old Testament Books, 377-78; cf. Busenitz, MC, 33.

[6] Schmoller, 3-4; cf. Young, Introduction to the Old Testament, 248 (with regard to Amos quoting Joel); Archer, A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, 339 (with regard to Amos quoting Joel); Busenitz, MC, 34 (Busenitz places Joel in the reign of Jehoshaphat, which would predate Obadiah on my reckoning, but he rightly recognizes that Amos quotes Joel).

[7] SOURCE

[8] cf. Niehaus, “Amos,” Minor Prophets, 338.

Baptist Covenant Theologies: An Analysis and Evaluation

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I just posted on the Writings page a link to my Bible Faculty Summit paper: “Baptist Covenant Theologies: An Analysis and Evaluation.”

This paper analyzes and evaluates two Baptist versions of covenant theology as represented by Samuel Renihan’s The Mystery of Christ, His Covenant, and His Kingdom and Peter Gentry and Stephen Wellum’s God’s Kingdom through God’s Covenants. Renihan’s book articulates a contemporary Baptist covenant theology informed by seventeenth-century Baptist covenant theologians and by twentieth century theologian Meredith Kline. This version of covenant theology often goes by the name 1689 Federalism. In 2012 Peter Gentry and Stephen Wellum of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary published Kingdom through Covenant to argue for Progressive Covenantalism as an alternative to covenant and dispensational theologies. The covenant theology they critiqued was specifically paedobaptist, and Progressive Covenantalism is a Baptist alternative. This naturally raises the question of the relation of 1689 Federalism and Progressive Covenantalism to one another as well as an evaluation of each.

Comparison between these two Baptist systems demonstrates that while sometimes contemporary theologians, thinking freshly over the Bible, truly advance our understanding of Scripture, at other times old, but forgotten and recovered, formulations provide the best understanding of Scripture. The wise theologian examines treasures new and old, examining them all against the touchstone of Scripture.

The Reformation and the Fourfold Sense of Scripture

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It is becoming popular for Protestant scholars to defend the fourfold sense approach to Scripture interpretation on the grounds that it is a more historic approach to Scripture than modern, historical criticism. However, these defenses tend to underplay the Reformation’s critique of the fourfold sense approach. Here is David Daniell’s characterization of Tyndale’s critique of the fourfold approach.

“The dangers of the Church’s method, however, were twofold. It can become a licence to what is little more than wilder forms of free association, whereby words can mean anything, according to whim; and it automatically suggests something that suited the Church very well at the time—that all Scripture is difficult to interpret, and only the very learned can handle it. […]

Thou shalt understand, therefore, that the scripture hath but one sense which is the literal sense. And that literal sense is the root and ground of all, and the anchor that never faileth, whereunto if thou cleave thou canst never err or go out of the way. And if thou leave the literal sense: thou canst not but go out of the way. Never the later the scripture useth proverbs, similitude, riddles or allegories as all other speeches do, but that which the proverb, similitude, riddle or allegory signifieth is ever the literal sense, which thou must seek out diligently. As in the English we borrow words and sentences of one thing and apply them to another and give them new significations.

Such use of metaphor he illustrates from common speech, ‘Look ere thou leap’, ‘Cut not the bough that thou standest upon . . . Such common examples soon become barbed. ‘When a thing speedeth not well, we borrow speech and say, the Bishop hath blessed it . . . And of him that is betrayed and wotteth not how, we say, he hath been at shrift. (Even more is conveyed by ‘she is master parson’s sister’s daughter, he is the bishop’s sister’s son, he hath a cardinal to his uncle…’) Scripture uses metaphor, as in ‘Christ is a lamb’; but proper interpretation is not wild, but applies the matter to the basis of Christ and the faith. The literal sense should bear the allegory as the foundation bears the house. Allegories by themselves prove nothing.

Tyndale illustrates how it should properly be done by interpreting the incident where Peter cut off Malchus’s ear (John 18), and showing Paul using the same method with the story of Hagar from Genesis. He continues, in a famous passage:

And likewise do we borrow likenesses or allegories of the scripture, as of Pharaoh and Herod, and of the scribes and Pharisees, to express our miserable captivity and persecution under antichrist the pope. The greatest cause of which captivity and the decay of the faith and this blindness wherein we now are, sprang first of allegories. For Origen and they of his time drew all the scripture unto allegories. Whose ensample they that came after followed so long, till at the last they forgot the order, and process of the text, supposing that the scripture served but to feign allegories upon. Insomuch that twenty doctors expound one text twenty ways, as children make descant upon plain song. Then came our sophisters with their Anagogical and chopological sense, and with an antitheme of half an inch, out of which some of them draw a thread of nine days long. Yea thou shalt find enough that will preach Christ, and prove what some ever point of the faith that thou wilt, as well out of a fable of Ovid or any other Poet, as out of St John’s gospel or Paul’s epistles. Yea they are come into such blindness that they not only say that the literal sense profiteth not, but also that it is hurtful, and noisome and killeth the soul. Which damnable doctrine they prove by a text of Paul, 2 Cor iii where he saith the letter killeth but the spirit giveth life. We must therefore, say they seek out some chopological sense.

(‘Chopological’ is a word of Tyndale’s coinage, for ironic effect.)

David Daniell, William Tyndale: A Biography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 239-40.

New Testament use of Obadiah

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Obadiah is not quoted, or even alluded to, in the New Testament. Nonetheless there are still a few points of contact worth noting. Herod the Great was an Idumean, that is, an Edomite. His attempt to have Jesus killed (Mt. 2:16) is of a piece with Edom’s historic hostility to God’s people.[1]

Positively, Mark 3:7-8 includes people from Idumea among those who followed Jesus’s ministry. If these people came to faith in Christ, they would be among those resurrected believing Edomites who would be ruled by Yhwh from Jerusalem during the millennium and new creation.

Finally, the concept of the Day of the Lord, introduced primarily by Obadiah, is prominent in the Thessalonian epistles and in Revelation. Obadiah warned of the nations drinking the cup of Yhwh’s judgment and Revelation 14:10 speaks of those who will “drink the wine of God’s wrath” during that final day of the Lord.

[1] Rooker, “The Book of Obadiah,” in The Word and the World, 444.

The Old Testament’s Use of Obadiah

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The prophet Joel quotes Obadiah 17, which affirms that a remnant of Israel will escape the judgment of the eschatological day of the Lord. Joel quotes this as something “the Lord has said” (Joel 2:32) and as an explanation of his statement, “everyone who calls on the name of Yhwh shall be saved” (Joel 2:32).

Jeremiah also quotes from Obadiah extensively in Jeremiah 49 in an oracle against Edom (which is part of a larger section of oracles against the nations). Jeremiah does not include Obadiah’s warnings against Edom’s future actions against Jerusalem, likely because Edom violated those warnings in the 586 BC conquest of Jerusalem. In Jeremiah there are no further warnings, only the reiteration of judgment.

Jeremiah’s oracle against Edom is only one of a number found in the prophets, though the others are not directly dependent on Obadiah: “For other oracles about Edom, see Numbers 24:18; Isaiah 63:1–6; Jeremiah 9:24–25 (Eng., 9:25–26); 25:21; 27; 49:7–22; Ezekiel 25:12–14; 32:29; 35–36; Amos 1; 9:12; Joel 4:19 (Eng., 3:19); Malachi 1:2–5 (see also 2 Sam. 8:14; 2 Kgs. 8:20–22; 2 Chr. 21:8–10).”[1]

Finally, while one could argue that the Day of the Yhwh has clear background in the Pentateuch, the warnings of judgment in Deuteronomy 27-28, and (symbolically) in the Day of Atonement,[2] Obadiah is likely the first to use the “day” terminology that the rest of the prophets develop.

[1] Shepherd, KEL, 208.

[2] Matthew Aernie and Donald Hartley, The Righteous & Merciful Judge: The Day of the Lord in the Life and Theology of Paul, Studies in Scripture & Biblical Theology (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2018), 36. See especially the reference to “the day of their calamity” (Deut. 32:35). Block, ZECOT, 84.

Obadiah’s Use of the Old Testament

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Standing behind this whole book is Genesis’s account of the twins Jacob and Esau, who are the forefathers of Israel and Edom. Obadiah 10-11 indicates that this kinship between the two nations exacerbates Edom’s sin. Obadiah 2, in saying that Edom will be “utterly despised,” echoes Genesis 25:34, which says that Esau despised his birthright. Edom is on the trajectory set for it by Esau, and the punishment for their sin will be linked with his sin.

Genesis 12:3 also stands behind this verse. Edom is cursed because it attacked Abraham’s seed, but in the end, Edom will be blessedly possessed by Yhwh in the person of the Davidic Messiah in fulfillment of the promise that all the families of the earth will be blessed in Abraham (Obad 19, 21).[1]

The dispossession of Edom and destruction of the nation without survivors (Obad. 8, 9, 10, 18, 19) was first prophesied by Balaam in Numbers 24:18-19.[2] Note that the dispossession and cutting off of Edom as a judgment happened in the past as a judgment (Obad, 8, 9, 10), but the possession of Edom by Yhwh in the new creation will be a blessing upon those converted Edomites living in the millennium and eternal state.

The restoration of Israel to the land after having been dispossessed is part of Deuteronomy’s prediction of the new covenant and its terms (Dt 30:3-5).[3]

Obadiah also evokes Joshua in that “the future repossession of the land” (Obad 19-20) is “a recapitulation of early Israel’s settlement in the land.”[4] The future Day of Yhwh against all the nations was foreshadowed by the conquest of the nations in Canaan.

As noted above, the reference to “saviors” in Obadiah 21 evokes the judges from the book of Judges who threw off Israel’s enemies.[5] Here these saviors rule Edom from Mount Zion, which indicates that Israel now rules over Edom rather than Edom threating Israel.[6] But this may also indicate God’s deliverance of Edom as it now ruled over by Yhwh.

[1] Rooker, “The Book of Obadiah,” in The Word and the World, 444.

[2] Raabe, AB, 32-33, 248-49; Schnittjer, OTUOT, 401.

[3] See Staurt, WBC, 420.

[4] Timmer, TOTC, 24; cf Raabe, AB, 272.

[5] Calvin, Commentaries on the Twelve Minor Prophets; Raabe 32, 272.

[6] Block, ZECOT, 102-3.

Structure and Summary of Obadiah

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After the superscription, Obadiah can be divided into four major sections, each marked with a “speech formula,” thus dividing the book into four major sections: 1b-4, 5-7, 8-18, 19-21.[1] The third, and longest section, can be divided into four additional sub-sections. Verses 8-9 refer to Edom in the third person and pronounce a day of Yhwh judgment upon it. Verses 10-11 directly address Edom for what it did to Judah and Jerusalem. Verses 12-14 warn Edom against future actions against Judah. Verses 15-18 turn to the ultimate day of the Yhwh judgment.

Verse 1a identifies the prophet who wrote this book as Obadiah, a name the means “servant of Yhwh.”[2] Nothing further is known about the prophet. If our dating of the book is correct, Obadiah is not the same man who was over Ahab’s household in the time of Elijah (cf., 1 Kgs 18:3-7, 16). The name occurs several other times in the Old Testament (1 Chr 3:21; 9:44; 12:9; 2 Chr 17:7; 34:12), but this prophet cannot be identified with any of these men.[3] The prophecy is called a vision, which “serves as a technical term for a revelation of a ‘prophet.’”[4]

In the first speech, of the Lord Yhwh addresses Edom (1b-4). Though most translations, going back to the KJV, render this “concerning Edom,” the usage here as part of a messenger formula indicates makes it more likely that the Lord Yhwh is addressing Edom in this prophecy not merely rhetorically but historically.[5] Obadiah reveals that he has heard from Yhwh that a messenger has been sent among the nations to cause them to rise up and fight Edom. This is probably best understood as an angelic messenger from Yhwh to stir up the nations.[6] Yhwh then declares that has made Edom small and despised. Edom is proud in its mountain fastness. The Edomites think that no one can bring them down. But the Lord says that even if Edom was high in the sky like an eagle who made its nest (not high in the trees) but among the stars—even from there Yhwh would bring Edom down. This is certain. It is the declaration of Yhwh.

In the second speech (5-7), Yhwh turns to the extent of the judgment that Esau will face. He presents Esau with two scenarios. In the first thieves and plunders come at night. In the second gatherers go out in a vineyard to gather grapes. Yhwh says that even thieves still what is sufficient for them, and grape-gatherers leave gleanings for the poor. But Esau will be utterly pillaged. Further, it will be Edom’s allies who will turn against it. Edom was known as a nation renowned for its wisdom, but Yhwh declares, “You have no understanding.”

In the third speech (8-18) Yhwh reiterates the day of Yhwh judgment that will befall Edom (8-9), reveals what Edom did to provoke this judgment (10-11), warn Edom against future actions against Judah (12-14), and closes by linking the judgment against Edom to the eschatological day of Yhwh (15-18).

In Edom’s day of Yhwh judgment, Yhwh will destroy the wise and understanding men from Mount Esau. In fact, Edom will be entirely destroyed. Furthermore, Edom’s warriors will be slaughtered (8-9).

Verses 10-11 reveal why Edom will receive these judgments. Edom had acted violently against Judah when other nations attacked Jerusalem, and Edom did not intervene to aid Judah.

In verses 12-14 Yhwh warns Edom against acting toward Judah in a similar manner in the future. Incidentally, this passage presumes there is a day of misfortune, ruin, distress, and calamity in Judah’s future. When that day comes, Edom is not to align itself against Judah.

Verses 15-18 provide a reason for avoiding further opposition to Judah: the day of Yhwh is near. Here the message broadens out to include all nations. The standard of judgment is what the nations have done to others. They will have the same done to them. Just as Edom drank on God’s holy mountain in celebration of Jerusalem’s fall, so all the nations (Edom included) will drink the cup of God’s wrath.[7] The result of this judgment is the annihilation of the nations.[8] During this ultimate day of Yhwh, Mount Zion is a holy place once again, and it becomes a refuge for those who escape. There is also an eschatological realization of the conquest of the land as the house of Jacob possesses its own possessions again. Verse 18 implies a reunited Israel (“house of Jacob” and “house of Joseph”). The reunited Israel will consume the house of Esau like stubble, leaving no survivor.[9]

The final speech (19-21) continues the theme of Israel’s repossession of the land. In this listing, Israel obtains possession of its surrounding enemies, with territories at all points of the compass listed, indicating a possession of all the land promised to Israel. In addition, this passage predicts the return of the exiles and the reunification of the two kingdoms. Deliverers, a term used in Judges to describe those God sent to deliver a sinful Israel from oppression will now rule over Mount Esau from Mount Zion. This allusion to deliverers ruling over Edom could indicate that these are deliverers that deliver Edom and rule over redeemed Edomites in the Messianic kingdom.[10] In the end, “and the kingdom shall be Yhwh’s.” As Niehaus observes, “Obadiah’s message concludes with an expectation of the day when we may say, ‘The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord / and of his Messiah / and he will reign forever and ever’ (Rev. 11:15).”[11] All nations will come under the lordship of Yhwh.

[1] Raabe, AB, 18.

[2] Niehaus, 511; Block, ZECOT, 49.

[3] Niehaus, 511;

[4] Raabe, AB, 94; cf. Niehaus, 511.

[5] See Raabe, AB, 107 for argumentation.

[6] Niehaus, 513; Raabe, AB, 113-14; Block, ZECOT, 53.

[7] Stuart, WBC, 420; Finley, WEC, 371-72; Niehaus, 2:535-36; Rogland, ESVEC, 383-84. The other option is that the “you” who drank on Yhwh’s holy mountain is Judah. In this interpretation, just as Judah drank God’s wrath so the nations will drink God’s wrath. Against this view, the “you” addressed throughout the book has been Edom. Proponents of view note that this is a plural you, rather than the singular you used to refer to Edom throughout the rest of the book. Raabe, AB, 203. Critics of this view argue against the abrupt introduction of Judah by a pronoun. Critics of the view represented in the main text above argue that it must understand the significance of drinking differently between the first and second parts of the verse. Finley, WEC, 371-72.

[8] Since the nations, including Edom, are represented elsewhere in Scripture as being present in Millennium and new creation, this annihilation of the nations does not include the remnant of the saved within the nations. It thus is an annihilation of the present world order with evil nations and not a removal of the nations as such. See Timmer, TOTC.

[9] On no survivors from Edom, see previous note. The context for this judgment on Edom is eschatological (see Finley and Busenitz). But Edom seems to have already ceased existence. Is it possible that Israel being a fire that burns up the stubble of Esau refers not to eschatological military action by Israel against Edom but instead reflects God’s eschatological judgment proleptically visited by God on Edom through other nations. The judgment was due to mistreatment of Israel (hence Israel as a flame) rather than Israel as the agent of judgment. Or perhaps Israel acting as a flame refers to Edom’s assimilation into Israel so that it is no longer a nation? I don’t see this view in the literature anywhere, and it will need to be tested against other passages which may speak of an eschatological judgment of Edom.

[10] Robertson, Christ of the Prophets, 248-49 / 168-70. In support of this Robertson observes that Amos, the book preceding Obadiah, concludes by speaking of the Davidic king possessing the remnant of Edom. Robertson does not note this, but it may be significant that the next prophet, Jonah, is about the gospel going to Gentiles.

[11] Niehaus 1993: 541.

The Date of Obadiah

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Obadiah does not have a superscription that dates the book, and there are numerous proposed dates ranging from the early ninth century BC to the mid-fourth century BC. There are two dates that are most common among conservative scholars: a date during the reign of King Jehoram of Judah (mid-ninth century BC) or a date between the conquest of Jerusalem by Babylon (586 BC) and Nabonidus’s conquest of Edom (553 BC) (mid-sixth century BC).[1]

Arguments for a Mid-Sixth Century Dating

This dating goes back at least to the time of the Reformation. Calvin dated Obadiah subsequent to Isaiah (740-700 BC) and noted the prophet was a possible contemporary of Jeremiah. Calvin suggested that Jeremiah may have made use of Obadiah.[2] Luther more confidently dated Obadiah to the time of the fall of Jerusalem to Babylon and stated his conviction that Obadiah and Jeremiah were contemporaries. Luther held that Obadiah drew on Jeremiah’s text in writing his own prophecy.[3] This is currently the most popular viewpoint among evangelical scholars.

1. Some argue that Obadiah made use of Jeremiah, which would require Obadiah to have been written after Jeremiah.[4] However, others grant that Jeremiah often made use of other, earlier prophets and that he may have made use of Obadiah even if the two were contemporaries.[5] If Obadiah made use of Jeremiah, a date from the mid-sixth century of later would be necessary. If Jeremiah made use of Obadiah, Obadiah would have needed to precede or be a contemporary of Jeremaih.

2. The words used to describe Judah’s situation—“misfortune,” “ruin,” “distress” (2x), “calamity” (3x), and “disaster” (Obad 12-14)—point to an event more like that destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon rather than to earlier attacks upon Jerusalem.[6] Raabe notes, “The phrase in v 12 is especially strong, ‘on the day of their [the Judahites’] ruin,’ literally, ‘on the day of their perishing.’”[7]

3. Raabe argues that Obadiah 12-14 should be understood to refer to past actions of Edom. “Unlike other parts of the book that employ figurative language and imagery, these verses use realistic language and make specific accusations. Only if the Edomites actually engaged in such activities does the prophet’s expression of shock and disbelief make sense.”[8]

4. The Hebrew term translated “carried off” in Obadiah 11 is elsewhere used of Babylon taking Israel captive (Jer 13:17; 50:33; Ezek 6:9; Ps 137:3).[9]

5. Numerous Scripture passages indicate that Edom encouraged Babylon’s destruction of Jerusalem (Ps. 137) and participated in it (Lam 4:21-22; Ezek 25:12-14; 35:1-15). Other texts indicate that Edom was active in the politics surrounding Judah and Babylon in the time surrounding the invasion (Jer 27:1-11; 40:11-12).[10]

6. Several commentators think that the reference to Edom having “drunk on my holy mountain” “implies” or “alludes” to the destruction of the temple (Obadiah 16).[11]

7. Some commentators interpret Obadiah 16 as teaching that Judah drank the cup of God’s wrath on the temple mount, which they think best aligns with Babylon’s destruction of the temple.[12]

8. Raabe argues that Obadiah 19 “presupposes the loss of the territories of Ephraim, Samaria, and Gilead, which happened during the Assyrian campaigns of 732 and 722.” This would preclude a mid-ninth century date, since the book must have been written after the Fall of the Northern Kingdom.[13]

9. The reference to exiles from Israel and Jerusalem best fits with the Babylonian exile, though these interpreters grant that there were Israelites exiled previous to that event.[14]

Arguments for Mid-Ninth Century Dating

Though the mid-sixth century date is currently the most common among evangelical commentators in the late nineteenth century evangelical scholars favored the mid-ninth century date, and this date retains advocates up through the present time.

1. Though the minor prophets are not organized according to a strict chronology, those dated to the pre-exilic period are found at the beginning of the collection, and those dated to the post-exilic period are found at the end of the collection. Obadiah is found with the pre-exilic prophets (as is Joel, the other undated book).[15] More specifically, Hosea, Amos, Jonah, and Micah are eighth century prophets. Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah are seventh century prophets. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi are post-exilic prophets.[16] While this observation is not definitive, it favors a pre-exilic date.

2. More significantly, the grammatical construction used in Obadiah 12-14 indicates that these verses are prohibitions of future actions. Raabe gives a helpful explanation:

To express a past subjunctive—”you should not have”—Hebrew uses lmh+ perfect, “Why did you gloat?” (I owe this observation to C. R. Krahmalkov.) But the construction used in vv 12-14, ’al + second person jussive, is the standard way to make a vetitive or negative command, as Hebrew does not negate the imperative form. Therefore it should be translated “Do not do so-and-so” (so LXX, Vulgate, Peshitta, NEB, NASB). The construction expresses the speaker’s will and desire that the addressee not engage in the activity, often with the sense of urgency (Joüon 1991 § 114). By definition vetitives concern present or future time. One does not say “Do not gloat yesterday.” They can be rendered “Do not begin an action” (e.g., Gen 22:12; 37:22) or “Stop doing an action” (e.g., Amos 5:5; Pss 35:19; 75:5-6 [4-5]). The context dictates.[17]

Raabe, who adopts the mid-sixth century date says that “the prophet imaginatively locates himself back to the time of Judah’s fall, or he projects the past catastrophe into the present.”[18] But Keil and Niehaus both argue that “Obadiah is warning Edom not to do again what she had already done.”[19]

3. Those who argue for the mid-ninth century date see evidence that Jeremiah made use of Obadiah, rather than the other way around.

3.a. Notably, these warnings against future conduct are absent from Jermiah 49:7-21. As Niehaus observes, “because these verses are injunctions against future conduct, they are appropriate in the Book of Obadiah, which predates the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem. Jeremiah, who wrote his oracle against Edom after the fall of Jerusalem (Jer. 39), had no reason to employ such injunctions, since Edom had already committed the acts that Obadiah 12-14 had warned them not to commit.”[20]

3.b. Second, Jeremiah’s oracles against the nations often made use of earlier prophecies against those nations.[21] It is more likely, therefore that Jeremiah continued this practice here than that Obadiah made use of Jeremiah.

3.c. Finally, “Obadiah seems to be a more unified speech, whereas the wording in Jeremiah is more scattered.”[22]

4. Leaving aside Obadiah and Joel, the earliest mention of the Day of Lord in the Minor Prophets occurs in Amos (dated to the eighth century). It would be somewhat puzzling for Amos to contain the first revelation on this topic because Amos 5:18 reveals that the Israelites have already twisted the Day of the Lord to apply only to Israel’s enemies and not to themselves. On the other hand, Robert Bell observes, “If Obadiah and Joel preached their messages on the day of the Lord in the ninth century, then it is completely understandable that the eighth-century Amos found the term on the lips of carnal Israelites.”[23] Bell finds confirmation for this thesis by charting the characteristics of the Day of the Lord and noting that “Obadiah mentions the fewest common characteristics,” which “is what one would expect of the passage that first mentions a concept.”[24]

5. Numerous passages indicate that Edom was hostile toward Israel in pre-exilic times. Amos 1:11 says that Edom “pursued his brother with the sword and cast off all pity,”[25] and Amos 1:6 says that the Philistines carried of exiles to Edom.[26] Psalm 83 presents Edom in league with the Ishmaelites, Moabites, Amalekites, Philistines, Assyria, and others against God’s people. The inclusion of Assyria in this list of nations favors a pre-exilic date.[27] Referring to events during the reign Ahaz, subsequent the sixth-century, 2 Chronicles 28:17 says Edom “again invaded and defeated Judah and carried away captives” (emphasis added).[28] If Joel is pre-exilic, then Joel 3:19 would be pre-exilic mention of Edom acting violently toward Judah.[29]

6. Edom had been subordinate to Judah until the reign of Jehoram, at which time Edom successfully “revolted from the rule of Judah” (2 Kings 8:20-22; 2 Chron. 21:8-10). Later the Philistines and Arabians invaded Judah and “carried away all the possession they found that belonged to the king’s house, and also his sons and his wives, so that no son was left to hum except Jehoahaz, his youngest son” (2 Chron. 21:16-17). This is a significant invasion that clearly penetrated into the city of Jerusalem. If Amos 1:6 refers to this event when it says that Gaza (a Philistine city) “carried into exile a whole people to deliver them up to Edom,” then Edom is certainly implicated in the charge that he “stood aloof on the days that strangers carried off [Judah’s] wealth” (Obadiah 11). Amos’s direct charge against Edom, “he pursued his brother with the sword and cast off all pity” (Amos 1:11) could indicate that Edom also took a more active role in this invasion (cf. Obadiah 16)—if Amos refers to the same event.[30]

7. Obadiah does not mention Babylon anywhere in his prophecy. Instead, when Obadiah foresees Judah possessing its enemies, he mentions possession of Edom, Philistia, the Northern Kingdom of Israel, and Phoenicia. This collection of conquered enemies fits best with an earlier date.[31]

Evaluation

The strongest objection to the ninth century date is that the Bible does not reveal much about Edom’s actions toward Judah during the reign of Jehoram except that Edom revolted during his reign.[32] The correlation between 2 Chronicles 21:16-17, Amos 1:6, 11, and Obadiah 11 is plausible but not entirely certain. The strongest objection to the sixth century date is the grammar of Obadiah 12-14, which is best read as prohibitions of future actions. While it is possible that this can be explained as rhetorical, this seems to be explaining the grammar away rather than explaining the text in light of the grammar.

Numerous arguments favor the ninth century date even if they are not definitive. The placement of Obadiah with the pre-exilic prophets and Jeremiah’s likely quotation of Obadiah both favor the earlier date. It is also true that Amos presupposes preceding revelation about the Day of the Lord that Obadiah (and Joel) would provide if dated to the ninth century.

On the other hand, numerous arguments made for the sixth century date are also consistent with the ninth century date. The argument that the strong language in Obadiah 12-14 describing Judah’s ruin best fits the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem is compatible with the view that these verses are warnings against future actions by Edom—warnings which Edom did not heed. Similarly, the passages that indicate that Edom encouraged and participated in Babylon’s destruction in Jerusalem could indicate that Edom did not heed the warning given in Obadiah in the ninth century. The argument that the term translated “carried” off is used of Babylon taking Israel captive is weakened by the fact that Obadiah refers to wealth being carried off while Babylon carried off people. Likewise, the claim that the references to exiles from Israel and Judah best fits with the Babylonian exile is neutralized by the reference in Amos 1:6 to exiles who were carried off in earlier invasions by other countries.  

Other arguments in favor of the sixth century date simply fail. It is simply not the case that Obadiah 16 indicates that the temple was destroyed. Nor does Obadiah 19 indicate that Ephraim, Samaria, or Gilead had been lost already to Assyria. These verses are eschatological and indicate only that the Northern kingdom was at times hostile to Judah and that in the end it would be possessed by Judah (the Davidic kingdom).[33]

In sum, a mid-ninth century date, in the reign of Jehoram is to be preferred.

[1] Raabe, Obadiah, AB, 51; Block, Obadiah, ZECOT, 23.

[2] Calvin, Commentaries on the Twelve Minor Prophets, 418-19.

[3] Luther, Works, 18:193-94.

[4] Luther, Works, 18:193; Shepherd, A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve, KEL, 27-28.

[5] Finley, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, WEC, 344-45.

[6] Finley, WEC, 341; Raabe, AB, 51; Block, ZECOT, 24.

[7] Raabe, AB, 51, brackets in original.

[8] Raabe, AB, 52.

[9] Raabe, AB, 51.

[10] Luther, Works, 18:193; Stuart, Hosea-Jonah, WBC, 404; Finley, WEC, 341; Raabe, AB, 52; Rooker, “The Book of Obadiah,” in The World and the Word, 440; Block, ZCOT, 25-26; Rogland, “Obadiah,” ESVEC, 373-74.

[11] Raabe, AB, 51-52; Block, ZECOT, 25.

[12] Raabe, AB, 51; Block, ZECOT, 24-25.

[13] Raabe, AB, 52; also Block, ZECOT, 24.

[14] Raabe, AB, 52; Bloack, ZECOT, 24-25.

[15] Paul Kleinert, A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures: Obadiah, ed., John Peter Lange (Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2008), 4; Niehaus, “Obadiah,” Minor Prophets, 500; Irvin A. Busenitz, Commentary on Joel and Obadiah, Mentor Commentaries (Geanies House, Fearn, Ross-shire, Great Britain: Mentor, 2003), 229.

[16] O. Palmer Robertson, Prophet of the Coming Day of the Lord, 10.

[17] Raabe, AB, 177.

[18] Raabe, AB, 177.

[19] Niehuas, 498; cf. Keil and Delitzech, in loc.; Archer, A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, 335.

[20] Niehaus, 501.

[21] Keil and Delitzsch, 10:228-29; Kleinert, 4; Archer, 335; Niehaus, 500; Tully, Reading the Prophets as Christian Scripture, 291 (Tully holds to the mid-sixth century date).

[22] Tully, Reading the Prophets as Christian Scripture, 291; cf. Keil and Delitzsch, 10:228-29; Archer, 335; Niehaus, 500; Busenitz, 234.

[23] Bell, The Theological Messages of the Old Testament Books, 377-78.

[24] Bell, Theological Messages, 377.

[25] Kleinert, 4; Niehaus, 498.

[26] E. J. Young, Introduction to the Old Testament, 253.

[27] Niehaus, 498.

[28] Niehaus, 499.

[29] Kleinert, 4.

[30] Keinert, 4-5; Archer, A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, 333; Niehaus, 501.

[31] Kleinert, 4; Busenitz, 232-33.

[32] Stuart, WBC, 404.

[33] See Busenitz, 232.

Thoughts on an Interview with Tom Schreiner on the Millennium

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In this interview with Tom Schreiner on his forthcoming Revelation commentary in the Baker Exegetical series, he discusses his current view of the Millennium.

Schreiner has famously shifted between premillennial and amillennial views of Revelation 20. In his forthcoming commentary he argues that Revelation 20 is the first stage of the new creation. He agrees with premillennialists that Satan is entirely bound during this time and that the bodily resurrection of believers is the “first resurrection” mentioned in Revelation 20. He notes that if the “first resurrection” is not the bodily resurrection, Revelation would have no mention of the ultimate vindication of the saints.  However, because he sees this period as part of the new creation, he does not see any non-glorified saints in Revelation 20. All the wicked are judged and all the saints are glorified. He also understands all of the “famous so-called millennial passages” in the OT are fulfilled in the new creation; he observes that they are copiously quoted in Revelation 21-22.

He notes that the big problem with his new creation view is the final battle in 20:7-10 . Who joins Satan in this final battle against the saints? His solution: these are those who were raised from the dead before the final judgment.

In many ways Schreiner’s view is similar to my own (and to that of Robert Duncan Culver in Daniel and the Latter Days). I too see the Revelation 20 as the first stage of the new creation. I too think that this helps make sense of OT millennial passages being referenced in Revelation 21-22. However, I would differ with Schreiner on a few points. (1) I don’t interpret the OT millennial passages symbolically the way that Schreiner does. I think those passages actually blend the millennial stage of the new creation with the consummate stage. That is why they can be alluded to in Revelation 21-22 while also containing material that cannot be true of the consummate new creation. (2) Because I hold to a pre-Day of the Lord rapture, my view doesn’t have a problem with non-glorified saints entering the Millennial period. Thus, I don’t have the difficulty with who joins with Satan in the final battle against the saints. (3) In the interview Schreiner does not elaborate on the purpose for a millennial first stage for the new creation. In my view this period is when Jesus Christ, the second Man, leads all mankind to fulfill the blessed mandate of subduing the earth.

In the interview Schreiner notes that his overall interpretation of Revelation is symbolic. If his ESV Expository Commentary is a guide, to the forthcoming BECNT volume, it will be consistent with Beale’s modified idealism. In the intreview Schriener notes his concern is with newspaper eschatology: Hal Lindsay, Tim LaHaye, or those who were finding Iraq in Revelation during the early 2000s. I too am concerned with such eisegesis. I don’t think those views can rightly be called futurist. They are a kind of presentism, a historicist approach focused on the present, just as preterism is a historicist approach focused on the first century. A true futurist approach would see Revelation 6 and following taking place during the final Day of the Lord, the timing of which is completely unknown to us.

Schreiner also made some helpful comments about dispensationalism at the end of the interview. He notes that the trend today is away from dispensationalism. However, he warns against having a “superior, supercilious spirit” toward dispensationalists. I think this is precisely right. I find that dispensational positions, or even positions thought to be dispensational (even if they have been held by a wide variety of interpreters throughout church history), are often dismissed, without actual engagement with the arguments or perhaps with a passing reference to a proof text here (as though the interpretation of that text is beyond debate). Schreiner does not have that spirit and rightly warns against it.